Tabla I. Resumen de los resultados de la actividad metabólica basal en fibromialgia. |
|||
Refs. |
Pacientes |
Resultados |
|
SPECT |
[5] |
10 mujeres |
↓ tálamo y núcleo caudado |
[6] |
17 mujeres |
↓ tálamo |
|
PET |
[8] |
8 mujeres |
↑ corteza retroesplenial |
[7] |
12 mujeres |
Sin cambios |
|
[9] |
18 mujeres |
↑ tálamo y núcleo lentiforme |
|
RMf |
[12] |
10 mujeres |
↑ RND y RAE más ínsula |
[13] |
19 mujeres |
↑ S1, AMS, CPFDL y amígdala |
|
AMS: área motora suplementaria; CPFDL: corteza prefrontal dorsolateral; PET: tomografía por emisión de positrones; RAE: red de atención ejecutiva; RMf: resonancia magnética funcional; RND: red neuronal por defecto; S1: área somatosensorial S1; SPECT: tomografía computarizada de emisión monofotónica. |
Tabla II. Resumen de los resultados en los cambios estructurales en la sustancia gris y la sustancia blanca en la fibromialgia. |
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Pacientes |
Resultados en |
Resultados en la |
|
Kuchinad et al [16] |
10 mujeres |
↓ sustancia gris |
|
Schmidt-Wilcke et al [23] |
19 mujeres y 1 hombre |
↓ tálamo y CCA |
|
Sundgren et al [27] |
16 mujeres y 3 hombres |
↓ tálamo |
|
Lutz et al [22] |
30 mujeres |
↓ hipocampo |
↑ CCA y CPF y |
Wood et al [20] |
30 mujeres |
? CCA y CCP |
|
Burgmer et al [50] |
14 mujeres |
↓ CCA, CPF lateral y amígdala |
|
Robinson et al [21] |
14 mujeres |
↓ ínsula y CCA |
|
Fallon et al [18] |
16 mujeres |
↑ área somatosensorial S1 |
|
Ceko et al [17] |
14 mujeres (> 50 años) |
↓ CCA, CCP y CPF |
↓ cuerpo calloso |
14 mujeres (< 50 años) |
↑ ínsula, globo pálido |
↑ radiación corticotalámica y cápsula interna |
|
Jensen et al [19] |
26 mujeres |
↓ sustancia gris total, CCA, CPF y amígdala |
↓ sustancia blanca cortical |
Kim et al [28] |
19 mujeres |
↓ cuerpo calloso |
|
Diaz-Piedra et al [24] |
23 mujeres |
↑ corteza orbitofrontal |
|
CCA: corteza cingulada anterior; CCP: corteza cingulada posterior; CPF: corteza prefrontal; FA: fracción de anisotropía. |
Tabla III. Resumen de los cambios moleculares en fibromialgia. |
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Refs. |
Pacientes |
Resultados |
|
H-MRS |
[38] |
17 mujeres y 4 hombres |
↑ colina en la CPF dorsolateral |
[32] |
15 mujeres |
↑ colina y ↓ NAA en el hipocampo |
|
[33] |
16 mujeres |
↓ NAA/creatinina en el hipocampo |
|
[35] |
19 mujeres |
↑ glutamato y Glx en la ínsula |
|
[36] |
28 mujeres |
↑ Glx en la amígdala |
|
[37] |
11 mujeres y 1 hombre |
↑ Glx/creatinina en la CPF ventrolateral |
|
[39] |
16 mujeres |
↓ GABA en la ínsula |
|
[34] |
9 mujeres y 1 hombre |
↑ Glx en la CCP y ↓ NAA en el hipocampo |
|
H-MRS y PET |
[40] |
26 mujeres |
↓ sustancia gris sin ↓ GABAA |
PET |
[3] |
17 mujeres |
↓ receptor opioide-µ en la amígdala, la CCA y el núcleo accumbens |
[41] |
7 mujeres |
↓ dopamina en el tálamo, CCA e ínsula |
|
CCA: corteza cingulada anterior; CCP: corteza cingulada posterior; CPF: corteza prefrontal; GABA: ácido γ-aminobutírico; Glx: combinación de glutamato y glutamina; H-RMS: resonancia magnética protónica por espectroscopia; NAA: N-acetil-aspartato; PET: tomografía por emisión de positrones. |
Neuroimaging in fibromyalgia Introduction. Most current research suggests that fibromyalgia is a disease produced by an alteration in the processing of pain signals in the central nervous system. In recent years, advances in non- or minimally-invasive brain imaging techniques have made it possible to discover how different areas of the nervous system are involved in the aetiopathogenesis of diseases that up until now have been considered as having a functional profile. Aim. To describe the objectified functional and the structural changes that take place in the brains of patients with fibromyalgia by means of the currently available neuroimaging techniques. Development. This work reviews the clinical studies, both anatomical and molecular, that have been conducted to date in the field of fibromyalgia using different brain imaging techniques. Conclusions. Different, but related, areas of the central nervous system have been described as altering not only the functional but also the structural form, in patients with fibromyalgia. These involved areas extend beyond the pain circuits, which would explain the variety of symptoms in patients, in addition to the characteristic pain reported by them. Key words. Fibromyalgia. Magnetic resonance. Neuroimaging. Positron emission tomography. Single photon emission computed tomography. Tractography. |