Figura 1. Imágenes por resonancia magnética. Izquierda axial: FLAIR. Signo clásico del molar con elongación y engrosamiento de los pedúnculos cerebelosos superiores y aumento de la fosa interpeduncular a la altura del corte horizontal mostrado en el mesencéfalo. Centro y derecha: T2. Aplasia del vermis cerebeloso.
Figura 2. Imágenes por resonancia magnética del síndrome de Joubert. Izquierda sagital: T1, posición elevada del fastigio del IV ventrículo a los 3 meses de vida. Izquierda horizontal: T1, aplasia del vermis cerebeloso. Centro: T1, posición elevada del fastigio del IV ventrículo a los 6 años de vida. Derecha superior: T1, elongación con adelgazamiento de los pedúnculos cerebelosos superiores en corte oblicuo de la parte superior de protuberancia. Derecha inferior: aumento de la fosa interpeduncular del mesencéfalo.
Figura 3. Imágenes por resonancia magnética en el síndrome de Jouber. Izquierda: T2, aumento de la fosa interpeduncular del mesencéfalo. Centro: T2, hipoplásica del vermis cerebeloso. Derecha: T2, posicion descendida del fastigio del IV ventrículo y estrechez de la unión pontomesencefálica.
Tabla. Distribución genotipo-fenotipo de siete casos de síndrome de Joubert. |
||||||||
Total |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
|
Gen afecto |
ZNF423 |
TMEM67 |
KIAA0586 |
¿? |
TCTN2 |
AHI1 |
CEP290 |
|
Tipo de síndrome de Joubert |
19 |
6 |
23 |
24 |
3 |
5 |
||
Edad (años) |
5-17 |
10 |
6 |
6 |
17 |
9 |
10 |
5 |
Edad en el diagnóstico (años) |
2 meses-9 |
8 |
2 meses |
4 |
9 |
5 |
5 |
3 |
Sexo |
5 varones/2 mujeres |
Varón |
Varón |
Varón |
Varón |
Mujer |
Mujer |
Varón |
Hipotonía |
7/7 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Apnea/taquipnea |
2/7 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
? |
0 |
? |
0 |
Retraso psicomotor |
7/7 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Apraxia ocular |
4/7 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
Nistagmo |
2/7 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
Estrabismo |
1/7 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Ataxia |
5/7 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
Dismorfia facial |
3/7 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
Hallazgos radiológicos |
||||||||
Signo del molar |
5/7 |
? |
1 |
1 |
1 |
? |
1 |
1 |
Aumento de la fosa interpeduncular |
7/7 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Elongación del PCS |
7/7 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Posición del fastigio alta |
5/7 |
Baja |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Hipo/aplasia del vermis |
7/7 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Istmo pontomesencefálico delgado |
6/7 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
? |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Alteración supratentorial |
0/7 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Afectación extraneurológica |
||||||||
Retinopatía |
3/7 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
Coloboma |
1/7 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Polidactilia |
0/7 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Fibrosis hepática |
1/7 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Quiste renal |
1/7 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Nefronoptisis |
1/7 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Labio/paladar hendido |
0/7 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
?: sin datos; 0: ausencia de la alteración; 1: presencia de la alteración; PCS: pedúnculo cerebeloso superior. |
Joubert syndrome: incidence and clinicoradiological description of a genotyped series of seven cases Introduction. Joubert syndrome is produced by an alteration of the ciliary proteins essential for the structure and function of neurons and organs such as the kidneys, liver, sight, and hearing. Some 34 mutations are currently known. Objective. Calculate the incidence / prevalence, describe the phenotype / genotype and radiological alterations of this ciliopathy in our health area. Patients and methods. We reviewed the medical records with a diagnosis of Joubert Syndrome in the last 10 years to collect phenotype, radiological characteristics, and extra-neurological manifestations in relation to the genetic alteration detected. Results. 7 cases were included: 5 children (6 -17 years). They had 6 different mutations. Hypotonia, thin / long fingers and delayed psychomotor development were constant. They presented dysmorphic features, mental retardation, ocular apraxia, and nystagmus indistinctly in 3/7; Neonatal apnea/hyperpnea 2/7; hypoplasia of vermis 7/7; Molar syndrome was evident in 6/7 and in 2/7 there was elongation-thinning of cerebellar peduncles. Pontomesencephalic junction tightness 6/7; fastigium of the IV ventricle high in 4/7. Among the somatic complications, retinopathy 2/7, retinal coloboma 1/7, liver fibrosis 1/7, nephronoptysis 1/7 and renal cyst 1/7. Conclusions. The incidence of Joubert syndrome was at least 1 / 20,000 newborns / year. The pontomesencephalic and peduncular radiological alterations were constant. Hypotonia, psychomotor retardation, and thin / long fingers affected all cases. Key words. Cerebellar vermis. Ciliopathies. Eye abnormalities. Intellectual disability. Joubert syndrome. Kidney diseases. |